If the underlined phrase is <em>born in New York in 1856, </em>then that would be a participial phrase, which often functions as an adjective in a sentence, like is the case here.
Gerund is always used as a noun, and infinitive has the form <em>to + verb </em>(to go, to be...)
The movement of naturalism was greatly influenced by the 19th-century ideas of Social Darwinism, which was in turn influenced by Charles Darwin's theories on evolution. Social Darwinism applied to the human environment the evolutionary concept that natural environments alter an organism's biological makeup over time through natural selection. Social Darwinists and naturalists cited this as proof that organisms, including humans, do not have free will, but are shaped, or determined, by their environment and biology. Naturalists argued that the deterministic world is based on a series of links, each of which causes the next (for more on these causal links, see Causal links and processes, below). In "To Build a Fire," London repeatedly shows how the man does not have free will and how nature has already mapped out his fate. Indeed, both times the man has an accident, London states "it happened," as if "it" were an inevitability of nature and that the man had played no role in "it." The most important feature of this deterministic philosophy is in the amorality and lack of responsibility attached to an individual's actions (see Amorality and responsibility, below).
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I would say yes because If we have plastic in the oceon,cutting down trees, killing animals. Then Future genarations won't be able to see the tigers elephants and the other animals that we have now. In order for humans to change is if we stop using plastic or just reuses clothes, plastic,shoes,paper.
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The sconce refers to the wall lights, this is light fixtures that appear on the wall, and provide lighting. They can be located inside and outside of the buildings, although their function is mainly decorative. The light goes upwards and the sconce also can hold a candle or a torch. It is mostly made of silver or brass.
