The final loss of Jerusalem for European forces can be considered to be between 1270 and 1272. In the year 1270, Louis IX of France who lead the (arguably called) Eight crusade died on the shores of modern day Tunisia. This had effectively ended the Eight crusade and also led Henry III of England's son Edward to sail to Acre and try to reclaim the city. He was, however, unsucessful and had to return back to England. His demise marks the ending of the Ninth crusade which lasted from around 1271 to 1272. After this crusade no major attempt from Europe was made again to reclaim Jerusalem or any other city captured by the Crusaders in previous crusades.
Marie Curie was a physicist and chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation. She and her husband, Pierre, discovered the elements polonium and radium. Together, they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, and she received another one, for Chemistry, in 1911.
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