The type of ecological succession being described in the illustration is primary succession.
<h3>What is primary succession?</h3>
It is a form of succession that occurs when an area that has never been occupied by any living organism becomes exposed and eventually gets colonized by living organisms.
It is quite different from secondary succession which happens when an area that has been housing biotic communities before gets disrupted by a major disturbance.
A new island formed by volcanic action has never housed any biotic community before. Thus, only primary succession can occur there.
More on primary succession can be found here: brainly.com/question/26675203
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The probability is 1/2. This is because half are likely to be carriers and 1/2 are likely to have hemophilia.
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The answer is
The digestive system excretes a solid waste and the excretory system excretes a liquid waste.
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Believe in yourself and have a good mindset towards your success
