1) The unification of Germany was a historical process that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century in Central Europe and that culminated in the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871 bringing together several previously independent states (Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony , etc.). Specifically, in 1862 Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck was appointed Prussian Chancellor, who conceived the unification of Germany under the leadership of the Prussian Kingdom within an authoritarian and centralist mold, but ensuring for the new "unified Germany" not only political soundness but economic prosperity and military might, aspects that Bismarck considered interdependent. Owner of a great energy for work, in cold blood for political intrigue, and skilled diplomat to calculate the fears and anxieties of foreign powers, Bismarck became the political leader of the unification project.
2) The States General were summoned in May of 1789 to ratify the financial reforms. The Count of Provence favored an unconditional position against the Third Estate and its demands for tax reform. On June 17, the Third State declared a National Assembly, an Assembly not of the States, but of the people. The count of Provence urged the king to act harshly against the declaration, while the popular minister of King Jacques Necker urged him to commit to the new assembly. Louis XVI was characteristically indecisive. On July 9, the assembly declared itself as a National Constituent Assembly that would give France a Constitution. On July 11, Louis XVI dismissed Necker, an act that gave rise to widespread disturbances throughout Paris. On July 12, the charge of a cavalry regiment of Charles Eugene de Lorraine, Prince of Lambesc, against a crowd gathered in the gardens of the Tuileries, led to the capture of the Bastille two days later.
Charles X signed the ordinances at the Château de Saint-Cloud on July 25, believing thus settled the political crisis that he had initiated. The ordinances were published by the Moniteur (the official state bulletin) on July 26, causing a deep surprise in Paris. Although at first it seemed that the people were not going to react to them, the opposite was soon shown: the liberal press, headed by the journalist Adolphe Thiers, and which was to be abolished de facto thanks to the ordinances, began to call the resistance against the pretensions of the monarch. On July 26, in the afternoon, an immense crowd began to gather in the gardens of the Palais-Royal, a symbolic place since the French Revolution. The cries of "Down with the Bourbons!" and Viva the Constitution followed one another; That night, the police closed the gardens of the Palais Royal, and the crowd, furious, gathered in the adjacent streets, beginning the riots.
