September 2,1945 I believe
Kota figures represent an extremely stylized human body, reduced to shoulders and “arms,” in emptied lozenge shape, surmounted by a large face framed by an ample coiffure with hanging tresses.
Catholics have started questioning The Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation.
Abuses within the Church marked the start of the Protestant Reformation. During the late Middle Ages, the Church and popes were increasingly caught up in secular affairs and even competed for political power against Italian princes. Furthermore, the popes began living lavishly to the point where the Church had to increase its fees in sacraments such as baptism and marriage in order to beautify churches. Not only were fees increased for services, but the selling of indulgences—this pardon lessened the time of punishment a soul faced for sins committed during an individual’s lifetime—were promoted by the clergy.
By the late 1400s, many people were buying indulgences using money or bribes to the Church. Due to this, many Catholic Christians protested and religious reverence deepened throughout Europe.
Christian humanists pressed for the Roman Catholic Church to return back to its state of simplicity; they rejected Church pomp and ceremony and highly stressed the importance of Bible study.
(D)Two Sputnik). Union successfully launched Sputnik
According to historians although the Crusades failed to drive the Muslims from Jerusalem or Byzantium, which was the initial purpose, they had major effects on the European civilisation. We can identify social, cultural, economic and scientific effects.
<em>1) The Crusades may have extended the Church authority, but they also caused social problems and upheavals.</em>
<em>2) Through the Crusades, European and Middle Eastern cultures affected eachother. The European civilisation met new types of goods, furniture etc.</em>
<em>3) Europeans improved in trade and exploration.</em>
<em>4) Scientific knowledge from the Middle East was adopted and brought back to Europe.</em>
In these ways the Crusades actually formed a basis for the coming Renaissance.
