They usually depended on their monarchy or government. Ex: Early Mesopotamia in sumer depended on city-state.
I believe the name of the city is Nanking and the attack that is being referred to is called the
[email protected] of Nanking
Answer: The Constitution fixed the weaknesses by allowing the central government certain powers/rights. Congress now has the right to levy taxes. Congress has the ability to regulate trade between states and other countries.
The major impact of Western imperialism on Japan came when Admiral Perry "opened" Japan to trade in 1854. This action on Perry's part shocked Japan. Japan's leaders had believed that their country was superior to all others until they were shown otherwise by the technology that Perry brought to bear on them.
Many great European powers had been exploiting China's weak economic system to enforce their own trade regulations for years. The United States simply wanted to join the fray, so the Open Door notes were sent to the European powers basically stating, "Hey, you guys can't own all of China, make sure that all countries get to trade equally with them."
Just as a side note, the Open Door policy with China was extremely hypocritical for the United States, as the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 basically stated that none of the European powers could interfere with the Western Hemisphere... While no one was allowed to touch the Americas, the United States was apparently allowed to mess with the rest of the world.
