Usually you control your exposure using aperture, shutter speed, and ISO; too much light is not usually a problem, because you can find an acceptable combination of the above to give the proper exposure even in the most intense sunlight. Most people have the opposite problem, too little light.
Sometimes for artistic reasons you can't adjust one of those parameters into submission. One common example is using a very long shutter time to get a smooth water effect for a waterfall. In that case you can use a neutral density filter to cut the amount of light coming into the camera.
Little light - dark images, sometimes objects cannot be distinguished.
Light - there is enough light to see everything clearly
Too lighted - lighting is too intense and distinguishing objects can be difficult.
Angles can be of help when trying to give more or hide light. This only works when you cannot control the light source (sunlight). Using artificial lighting can also be of great use when trying to manipulate light.
In some photo-editors, you can also remove or give light to the photo, which is a very useful tool.
the use of a filter can affect the tone of an image because if it is colder, the image may have a cold/sad tone. if the filter is warmer, it might have a warm/happy tone. if the filter is darker, it may have a darker/eerie tone.
