It is paraphrasing when you restate an author's idea
The answer you’re looking for is repetition, which is the repeated use of a word.
I believe it is the third option
FIRST QUESTION
The history of Canada isn't very long compared with other areas of the world that are heavily populated today. Archaeologists haven't found fossils any older than around 30,000 years old, which probably indicates there were no earlier forms of humans in Canada as there were in Africa, for instance. Of course, the weather wasn't very hospitable to people because the last ice age only ended several thousand years ago. Meanwhile, complex societies based on agriculture were developing in Mexico.
