Porcmade from rare and valuable materialselain (/ˈpɔːrsəlɪn/) is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Though definitions vary, porcelain can be divided into three main categories: hard-paste, soft-pasteand bone china. The category that an object belongs to depends on the composition of the paste used to make the body of the porcelain object and the firing conditions.
Porcelain slowly evolved in China and was finally achieved (depending on the definition used) at some point about 2,000 to 1,200 years ago, then slowly spread to other East Asian countries, and finally Europe and the rest of the world. Its manufacturing process is more demanding than that for earthenwareand stoneware, the two other main types of pottery, and it has usually been regarded as the most prestigious type of pottery for its delicacy, strength, and its white colour. It combines well with both glazes and paint, and can be modelled very well, allowing a huge range of decorative treatments in tablewares, vessels and figurines. It also has many uses in technology and industry.
Capitalism is a system in which private individuals or private businesses own capital goods. Socialism is a economic theory of social organization that states that the means of making, moving, and trading wealth should be owned or controlled by the workers. Communism is a political movement, whose goal is to set up a version of society where the factories and farms are shared by its people.
An example of the plague could be known as the Black Death, this was known as the most fatal pandemic recorded in history. Hope this helped!
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Nationalism is the social and political movement that, within a society, stimulates the feeling of belonging to a specific culture, region and people, which citizens are proud of and want to protect at any cost.
The rise of nationalism during the period 1750-1900 owes several factors. At the beginning of this period, we can say that nationalism was born with the frequent battles that a region established to dominate another region. The battles made the citizens want to protect their territory and their people, and prevent a foreign culture from dominating what was already established.
This feeling also grew during the Napoleonic wars, where the search for the defense of territories and growing imperialism established strong nationalist principles in the population, strengthening the monarchies. The strengthening of monarchies encouraged groups opposed to this type of government. These groups also encouraged nationalist concepts, adopting enlightened ideas and claiming that the people, the nation, were sovereign.
This nationalist sentiment stimulated the struggle for the fall of monarchies and the independence of colonies, generating a strong feeling of belonging and patriotism.
Following these concepts, nationalism has been strengthened over the years, becoming a political ideology and being one of the main reasons for the establishment of authoritarian nationalist governments, which encouraged several wars, with the discourse of maintaining the honor and power of their nation.
C.) Weakened the prestige of the popes
