Surely only a few of us know that many modern high-school-level concepts in mathematics first were developed in Africa, as was the first method of counting. More than 35,000 years ago, Egyptians scripted textbooks about math that included division and multiplication of fractions and geometric formulas to calculate the area and volume of shapes (3). Distances and angles were calculated, algebraic equations were solved and mathematically based predictions were made of the size of floods of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have 360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16 (3).
Eight thousand years ago, people in present-day Zaire developed their own numeration system, as did Yoruba people in what is now Nigeria. The Yoruba system was based on units of 20 (instead of 10) and required an impressive amount of subtraction to identify different numbers. Scholars have lauded this system, as it required much abstract reasoning (4).
Astronomy
Several ancient African cultures birthed discoveries in astronomy. Many of these are foundations on which we still rely, and some were so advanced that their mode of discovery still cannot be understood. Egyptians charted the movement of the sun and constellations and the cycles of the moon. They divided the year into 12 parts and developed a yearlong calendar system containing 365 ¼ days (3). Clocks were made with moving water and sundial-like clocks were used (3).
A structure known as the African Stonehenge in present-day Kenya (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar (5). The Dogon people of Mali amassed a wealth of detailed astronomical observations (6). Many of their discoveries were so advanced that some modern scholars credit their discoveries instead to space aliens or unknown European travelers, even though the Dogon culture is steeped in ceremonial tradition centered on several space events. The Dogon knew of Saturn’s rings, Jupiter’s moons, the spiral structure of the Milky Way and the orbit of the Sirius star system. Hundreds of years ago, they plotted orbits in this system accurately through the year 1990 (6). They knew this system contained a primary star and a secondary star (now called Sirius B) of immense density and not visible to the naked eye.
Metallurgy and tools
Many advances in metallurgy and tool making were made across the entirety of ancient Africa. These include steam engines, metal chisels and saws, copper and iron tools and weapons, nails, glue, carbon steel and bronze weapons and art (2, 7).
Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between 1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were astonishing to Europeans when they learned of them. Ancient Tanzanian furnaces could reach 1,800°C — 200 to 400°C warmer than those of the Romans (8).
Answer: There’s no grey area with justice.
Explanation: According the this ancient wisdom, what is just comes simply from defining what is proper and setting that apart from what is not. The proper receives praise and the improper receives punishment. Being just means trying to always act properly.
<span>The major organization that set standards for the field of medicine is referred to as the American Medical Association, although it should be noted that many such organizations have existed before.</span>
Answer: c. the racial tension between Mexican Americans and mainstream society.
The zoot suit riots of 1943 were a series of conflicts between European white Americans (particularly those in the military service) and predominantly Mexican youth. The trigger for these was the youth’s preference for “zoot suits.” This type of suits required a lot of fabric to be made, which was seen by the white Americans as unpatriotic, because of the rationing of fabric that was established during the war.
While this specific reason was the main trigger, the riots also showed the underlying racial tensions that were found in American societies, particularly in large cities. The riots also seemed to have been the inspiration for several similar events that year in Philadelphia, Oakland, Chicago, San Diego, Evansville and New York City.
After the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, Clemenceau returns to his journalistic career and dedicates himself in the press to writing on military and international issues and thereby creates a solid image of nationalist and patriot, goes against the socialist position in front of the war, which costs him the censorship of one of his newspapers.
