I) The Reconstruction Era and the 1950s and 60s weren't as different as they should be. With different degrees, racism and segregation persisted in XXth century America. African-Americans still couldn't fully exercise their rights as the whites did theirs, and they still suffered violence from white supremacists and authorities.
II) The differences rest in how African-Americans in the 50s and 60s were better mobilized and prepared to defend themselves and fight for their rights. Despite continuous racism, in the 50s and 60s there was more space and sources from which racism could be fought against. There was NAACP, for example, and many public figures famous for fighting racism.
III) From this comparison, we see that one of the Reconstruction's successes was the foundation for legal disputes in favor of African-Americans rights, like the 14th Amendment and the 15th Amendment that provided the legal basis to fight racism and to expand African-americans rights. As for Reconstruction's failures, it didn't dismantle racist structures in the South and didn't succeed in changing culturally how black people were seen, leaving space for racism in its many forms like lynchings and segregation.
Factory conditions were awful lots of deaths and injuries, they didn’t turn machines off and punishments were harsh for mistakes, whippings were normal long hours were normal and dust in peoples lungs caused major problems eg coughing up blood. the way they treated people was un humane but because the people working were lower class they had no say in how they were treated
The confederal government was established following the
American Revolution. The Articles of Confederation provided for this form of
government is which the central government had few powers.
Now, the US desired for a stronger form of government that
could craft power more central but also be intended for people’s need all over
the country. Hence, the federal system was established.
Correct answer: Court cases challenged the legality of discrimination.
I'll mention key court cases after debunking the other answers in the list. Truman's desegregation of the armed forces happened already in 1948, and impacted only those in the armed forces, rather than all African Americans. The suburbs were NOT welcoming toward African Americans, and they remained in living mostly in urban centers.
As to key court cases of the 1950s regarding discrimination:
1950: Sweatt v. Painter and McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents. In these cases, the Supreme Court said segregation of African American students in law and graduate schools was unconstitutional. This was the start of challenging "separate-but-equal" policies.
1954: Brown v. Board of Education. Firm decision that "separate but equal" policies were unconstitutional across the education system. Chief Justice Earl Warren, speaking for the unanimous opinion of the Court, said: “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
1955: Brown v. Board II. The Supreme Court directed that school systems must abolish segregation “with all deliberate speed.”
1956: The Supreme Court affirmed a lower court ruling that the segregation of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus system was illegal. This was in reference to the bus boycott that had begun with the protest by Rosa Parks.
1958: Cooper v. Aaron. The Supreme Court upheld the US Court of Appeals (8th Circuit) decision that resistance by local officials and threats of violence in the community did not justify delaying desegregation. This followed in the wake of the Little Rock Nine (a group of black students) seeking enrollment in LIttle Rock Central High School.
