Sugar molecules (i.e. glucose) are broken down into simpler molecules such as pyruvate. Pyruvate, in the presence of oxygen will be converted to Acetyl-CoA and it will enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle wherein it will produce series of reducing compounds such as NADH and FADH. These reducing compounds are then processed in the electron transport chain and oxidized, and the energy released in the oxidation of NADH and FADH is transferred to the high energy phosphate bond of adenosine triphosphate or ATP.
The answer is C. This is because, with every mitotic division,
the cell population doubles because each cell gives rise to two daughter cells.
Therefore, mathematically, after 4 division of one cell, there will end up with
16 cells (2^4).
The normal membrane potential inside the axon of nerve cells is –70mV, and since this potential can change in nerve cells it is called the resting potential. When a stimulus is applied a brief reversal of the membrane potential, lasting about a millisecond, occurs. This brief reversal is called the action potential
<span>A stimulus can cause the membrane potential to change a little. The voltage-gated ion channels can detect this change, and when the potential reaches –30mV the sodium channels open for 0.5ms. The causes sodium ions to rush in, making the inside of the cell more positive. This phase is referred to as a depolarisation since the normal voltage polarity (negative inside) is reversed (becomes positive inside). </span>
<span>Repolarisation. At a certain point, the depolarisation of the membrane causes the sodium channels to close. As a result the potassium channels open for 0.5ms, causing potassium ions to rush out, making the inside more negative again. Since this restores the original polarity, it is called repolarisation. As the polarity becomes restored, there is a slight ‘overshoot’ in the movement of potassium ions (called hyperpolarisation). The resting membrane potential is restored by the Na+K+ATPase pump.</span>
<span>2) along specific belts within the crust</span>
A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection known as A) The inflammatory response.