Our ancestors either left Africa from Ethiopia/Djibouti across the strait to Arabia, or via Egypt to Israel. From there they went, through Iran to India, then down through South-East Asia to New Guinea, which they reached by about 40,000 years ago. Once in New Guinea, they more or less settled and were immobilised by all the other tribes around them. That's why the New Guineans resemble Africans so much.
<span>They also hooked south to Australia which they reached by about 47,000 years ago. </span>
<span>They also went from India north-east into China. From China they went up over the Bering Straits and down to the end of the Americas. They also went east from China across the Pacific Ocean, curling down from Tahita and Hawaii, reaching New Zealand as the last place on earth to be reached by humans, only about 500 years ago. </span><span>And they also hooked north-west into Europe. (hope this helped cx)</span>
Plastic is a word that originally meant “pliable and easily shaped.” It only recently became a name for a category of materials called polymers. The word polymer means “of many parts,” and polymers are made of long chains of molecules. Polymers abound in nature. Cellulose, the material that makes up the cell walls of plants, is a very common natural polymer.
Over the last century and a half humans have learned how to make synthetic polymers, sometimes using natural substances like cellulose, but more often using the plentiful carbon atoms provided by petroleum and other fossil fuels. Synthetic polymers are made up of long chains of atoms, arranged in repeating units, often much longer than those found in nature. It is the length of these chains, and the patterns in which they are arrayed, that make polymers strong, lightweight, and flexible. In other words, it’s what makes them so plastic.
These properties make synthetic polymers exceptionally useful, and since we learned how to create and manipulate them, polymers have become an essential part of our lives. Especially over the last 50 years plastics have saturated our world and changed the way that we live.
The First Synthetic Plastic
The first synthetic polymer was invented in 1869 by John Wesley Hyatt, who was inspired by a New York firm’s offer of $10,000 for anyone who could provide a substitute for ivory. The growing popularity of billiards had put a strain on the supply of natural ivory, obtained through the slaughter of wild elephants. By treating cellulose, derived from cotton fiber, with camphor, Hyatt discovered a plastic that could be crafted into a variety of shapes and made to imitate natural substances like tortoiseshell, horn, linen, and ivory.
This discovery was revolutionary. For the first time human manufacturing was not constrained by the limits of nature. Nature only supplied so much wood, metal, stone, bone, tusk, and horn. But now humans could create new materials. This development helped not only people but also the environment. Advertisements praised celluloid as the savior of the elephant and the tortoise. Plastics could protect the natural world from the destructive forces of human need.
The creation of new materials also helped free people from the social and economic constraints imposed by the scarcity of natural resources. Inexpensive celluloid made material wealth more widespread and obtainable.
The government did not act quickly to provide supplies to the victims after the storm
Answer:
read below :)
Explanation:
- The borders of European nations would be redrawn.
Nations in East Europe and the territory that Germany had occupied were reshaped.
Lost territories included East Prussia, Farther Pomerania, Neumark, West Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia.
The USSR territorial ambitions made him expand at the cost of eastern European countries. Some countries got indeed bigger: Poland had recovered again most of its boundaries.
- Germany would be forced to pay reparations to the Allies.
Germany was made again responsible for paying reparations after World War II. Total debt of over $300 billion, later Germany was responsible for paying over $3 billion.
The debt was to pay the devastation it caused on European cities.
- Leaders of Nazi Germany would be made to stand trial for war crimes.
The Nuremberg Trials were the major effort of the United States, Great Britain, France, and the USSR. Genocide and war crimes were to be judged and the processing of most of Nazi officials was enforced.
Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Alfred Rosenberg, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Wilhelm Keitel, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart were found all guilty.
A total of 12 officials were sentenced to death by hanging. Some of them were never captured and others committed s.u.i.c.i.d.e before the hanging.
