it guards against tyranny because in federalism the power is divided by the federal government and the state government. Not all the power goes to one person or group so the power will be split. Which that means that no one can do what they want with the power. It prevents all the power going to one person or group. :)
Operant conditioning is teaching someone something using rewards. Every time they do what you want, they get a reward. So in your example, you'd need to break down the toilet training process a bit. First the child needs to figure out that her body is telling her she has to use the bathroom. Then she needs to learn to tell that to you in time to go. Then she needs to actually go.
Answer:
b) social referencing.
Explanation:
Social referencing happens as children look at certain people's facial gestures to help them find out whether to act in such a situation. It refers to the mechanism in which children use adult affective displays to control their actions against physical objects, people and circumstances. It is one of the main processes by which children learn to understand the world around them. As per the question, when Callie's mother began to laugh at the clown, Callie joined in the laughter and therefore it is an example of social referencing.
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