Answer:
- Duplex RNA (dsRNA) can suppress the expression of a gene.
- miRNAs are short, single strands approximately 21 nucleotides long.
- miRNAs suppress gene expression by interfering with transcription.
- RNA interference can temporarily suppress the expression of a target gene.
Explanation:
The RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism is a naturally occurring biological process by which an organism suppresses gene expression by using sequence-specific small non-coding RNAs that are complementary to RNA (posttranscriptional silencing) or DNA (transcriptional silencing) sequences. Since its discovery, this mechanism has been exploited in molecular biology to control the expression of target genes. There are different classes of non-coding RNAs which are able to trigger RNAi gene silencing: microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs, only present in animals), etc. During their functioning, these non-coding RNAs are loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) to direct them to target sequences and trigger RNAi (for example, by cleaving target mRNAs). miRNAs are short, evolutionary conserved RNAs, that associate to the RISC complex in order to trigger both transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing. During their biogenesis, small non-coding RNAs are double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), but they lose a strand (the passenger strand) when associate with the RISC complex, conserving only one strand (the guide strand) that bind by complementary base pairing to target sequences (either DNA in the nucleus or RNA in the cytoplasm).
Alcoholic fermentation and indeed most forms of fermentation are low-energy producing. The waste products are often medium-sized hydrocarbons/alcohols that, when fully oxidized to carbon dioxide provide more energy.
Cells ferment sugars to lactic acid B. During training. This is why your muscles are sore and sore during exercise. Essentially, building this lactic acid causes your muscles to scream for oxygen and use a simplified fermentation process to meet their energy needs, which is not efficient at all.
Yes, animals will ferment for a short time if they are not supplied with enough oxygen. Humans perform lactic acid fermentation when the body urgently needs a lot of energy. If you sprint as fast as you can, your cells only have a few seconds of ATP stored. When stored ATP is depleted, muscles begin to produce ATP through lactic acid fermentation.
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Answer: Likewise in pteridophytes, species also produces haploid spores through haploid stage. In diploid stage the two spores fuse together to form a prothallus which is a diploid stage. Hence, the similarity in the reproductive cycle of fungus and a pteridophyte is that both organisms produce haploid spores and exhibit diploid and haploid stages.
Explanation:
