Answer: so-called "Scramble for Africa" or "Conquest of Africa" or "Partition of Africa" was an extension of imperialist rivalry between European super-powers of that time who viewed European and world politics increasingly from the Darwinian perspective.
Explanation: Intellectual look at the map in the 19th century was very Darwinian (or vulgarly Darwinian) and divided peoples of the world into "superior" people and "inferior" people. Jews were European blacks - the most inferior Europeans, then there were blacks, American indians, Asians. This vision of the world and history prompted European imperialism ...1881 is the year when starts so-called "New Imperialism" which lasted till the WW I (beginning 1914).
"a. advanced political organization" was not a broad trend from 8000 to 600 BCE, due mostly to the fact that this didn't happen under labor became far more specialized, along with more advanced trade.
During the industrial revolution capitalism transitioned from a feudal and agricultural system of production to one dominated by machines.
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