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The answer is money. It was believed that if they found a shorter way to Asia that they could access the trading market more easily and avoid middle-men and things like that. They could open companies there and trade for much less money and earn much more. However, he ended up in the Americas, not India.
The answer would be white resistance to desegregation.
The words that are missing in the sentence are The Second Great Awakening and moral renewal. The so-called Second Great Awakening is referring to revival of religious during the early nineteenth century, where the preachers are advocating or sharing the message of spiritual and moral renewal to people.
Answer: Cottage Industry.
Explanation: