It is C . increased levels of glucose in blood .
Answer:
scavengers, predators, decomposers
The early immune response to HIV-1 infection is likely to be an important factor in determining the clinical course of disease. Recent data indicate that the HIV-1 quasispecies that arise following a mucosal infection are usually derived from a single transmitted virus. Moreover, the finding that the first effective immune responses drive the selection of virus escape mutations provides insight into the earliest immune responses against the transmitted virus and their contributions to the control of acute viraemia. Strong innate and adaptive immune responses occur subsequently but they are too late to eliminate the infection. In this Review, we discuss recent studies on the kinetics and quality of early immune responses to HIV-1 and their implications for developing a successful preventive HIV-1 vaccine.
Explanation:
Carrying capacity is determined by limiting factors.
Carrying capacity is determined by limiting factors which affect the amount of resources available. Limiting factors may include water, space, nutrients, minerals, light, etc.If we're discussing carrying capacity in the context of a species, the number of available mates, predation, disease, or competition with another species could determine the species' carrying capacity. For example, a species of bird may have plenty of space and but if it needs to compete with another species for food, the degree and extent of competition will limit the population.
Or there may be plenty of available habitat, food, and water for tigers in India, but if there are only a few tigers breeding and producing offspring, the carrying capacity of the species will be determined by the number of females producing young.
Many of these same limiting factors apply when we refer to the carrying capacity of an ecosystem. For example, in a desert ecosystem, there may be plenty of available space, but the number of organisms the system can hold may depend on the amount of water.
Another ecosystem may be limited by nutrient-poor soil. If the soil in an area is low in nutrients, fewer photosynthetic plants will be able to grow, which means less food for organisms consuming the plants, which means less food for organisms that eat those organisms, and so forth. The nutrient concentration of the soil affects the carrying capacity of the entire ecosystem.
Answer:
The flow of individuals in and out of a population introduces new alleles and increases genetic variation within that population.
Explanation:
