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<h3>This paper traces the history of human-environment interactions in the Pacific Islands during the last millennium, focusing on three main periods: the Little Climatic Optimum, the Little Ice Age, and, in greatest detail, the transition around A.D. 1300 between the two. The Little Climatic Optimum (approximately A.D. 750–1300) was marked by warm, rising temperatures, rising sea level and probably increasing aridity. The latter condition was linked to development of water-conservatory strategies (agricultural terracing being the most common) requiring cooperation between human groups which facilitated formation of large nucleated settlements and increased sociopolitical complexity. The transition period (approximately A.D. 1270–1475) involved rapid temperature and sea-level fall, perhaps a short-lived precipitation increase. Temperature fall stressed crops and reef organisms, sea-level fall lowered water tables and exposed reef surfaces reducing their potential as food resources for coastal dwellers. Increased precipitation washed away exposed infrastructure. Consequently food resource bases on many islands diminished abruptly across the transition. The Little Ice Age (approximately A.D. 1300–1800) was marked by cooler temperatures and lower sea levels. The lingering effects of the earlier transition largely determined human lifestyles during this period. Conflict resulted from resource depletion. Unprotected coastal settlements were abandoned in favour of fortified inland, often upland, settlements. Climate change is suggested to have been a important determinant of human cultural change during the last millennium in the Pacific Islands.</h3>
<h2>Journal Information</h2>
<h3>Environment and History is an interdisciplinary journal which aims to bring scholars in the humanities and biological sciences closer together, with the deliberate intention of constructing long and well-founded perspectives on present day environmental problems.</h3>
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<h2>Rights & Usage</h2>
<h3>This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. </h3><h3>For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions </h3><h3>Environment and History © 2001 White Horse Press </h3><h3>Request Permissions</h3>
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The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary between ecozones of Asia and Wallacea. It was drawn in 1859 by Alfred Russel Wallace.
The line runs through the Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi
( Celebes ) and through the Lombok strait, between Bali and Lombok.
Answer: the Wallace line is found between Borneo and Sulawesi
( Celebes ) and between Bali and Lombok.
Central America is more hot, the carribbean Islands get more rain because of the amount of water surrounding it.
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The economy of Africa consists of the trade, industry, agriculture, and human development. Following the independence of African countries during the 20th century, economic, political and other means
