The period of human evolution has coincided with environmental change, including cooling, drying, and wider climate fluctuations over time. How did environmental change shape the evolution of new adaptations, the origin and extinction of early hominin species, and the emergence of our species, Homo sapiens? (‘Hominin’ refers to any bipedal species closely related to humans – that is, on the human divide of the evolutionary tree since human and chimpanzee ancestors branched off from a common ancestor sometime between 6 and 8 million years ago.)
How do we know Earth’s climate has changed? How quickly and how much has climate changed? One important line of evidence is the record of oxygen isotopes through time. This record of δ18O, or oxygen stable isotopes, comes from measuring oxygen in the microscopic skeletons of foraminifera (forams, for short) that lived on the sea floor. This measure can be used as an indicator of changing temperature and glacial ice over time. There are two main trends: an overall decrease in temperature and a larger degree of climate fluctuation over time. The amount of variability in environmental conditions was greater in the later stages of human evolution than in the earlier stages.
Answer:
linkage institutions
Explanation:
<u>Linkage institution is the structure within the society which connects people to centralized authority or government.</u>
The four main types of the linkage institutions are:
- Interest groups - The groups which exist with primary mission of protecting concerns about a relevant topic are known as interest groups. Such groups represent issues of people.
- Political parties - Political parties are most divisive type of the inkage institutions. The parties tend to be bit more general in the beliefs as compared to the interest groups.
- Media - Media is newspapers, television, books, internet or other forums. The citizens can find out tremendous amount of knowledge about political process.
- Elections - They give the power to the citizens to elect their government and also provide a lot of information to the citizens.
I’m not 100% sure, but I think the answer is your third option
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