1) Gravity
2) Wind
3) Glaciers
4) Surface water
5) Water
Atlantic Ocean
Near the Azores (islands)
1,100 miles from Lisbon
1,300 miles from Casablanca
2,100 miles from Boston
This is due to the amount of infrastructure in the city. All that metal holds heat making inside the city hotter than outside the city.
I only photographed my textbook but this page gives a lot of information about your question