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3 years ago

why would having both polar and nonpolar properties in a protective boundary be advantageous for the cell?

Biology

1 answer:

Reika [66]3 years ago

5 0

Explanation:

The polar nature of the membrane’s surface can attract polar molecules, where they can later be transported through various mechanisms. Also, the non-polar region of the membrane allows for the movement of small non-polar molecules across the membrane’s interior, while preventing the movement of polar molecules, thus maintaining the cell’s composition of solutes and other substances by limiting their movement.

Further explanation:

Lipids are composed of fatty acids which form the hydrophobic tail and glycerol which forms the hydrophilic head; glycerol is a 3-Carbon alcohol which is water soluble, while the fatty acid tail is a long chain hydrocarbon (hydrogens attached to a carbon backbone) with up to 36 carbons. Their polarity or arrangement can give these non-polar macromolecules hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties i.e. they are amphiphilic. Via diffusion, small water molecules can move across the phospholipid bilayer acts as a semi-permeable membrane into the extracellular fluid or the cytoplasm which are both hydrophilic and contain large concentrations of polar water molecules or other water-soluble compounds.

Similarly via osmosis, the water passes through the membrane due to the difference in osmotic pressure on either side of the phospholipid bilayer, this means that the water moves from regions of high osmotic pressure/concentration to regions of low pressure/ concentration to a steady state.

Transmembrane proteins are embedded within the membrane from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm, and are sometimes attached to glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates) which function as cell surface markers. Carrier proteins and channel proteins are the two major classes of membrane transport proteins; these allow large molecules called solutes (including essential biomolecules) to cross the membrane.

Learn more about membrane components at brainly.com/question/1971706

Learn more about plasma membrane transport at brainly.com/question/11410881

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. Which two biomes have the least precipitation?

gavmur [86]

"Tundra and desert" are the two biomes among the choices given in the question that have the least precipitation. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option.

"Exposure to solar flares" is the one among the following choices given in the question that would not be a factor that helps determine the characteristics of a land biome. The correct option among all the options given in the question is the first option.

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3 years ago

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4) A homozygous groucho fly ( gro, bristles clumped above the eyes) is crossed with a homozygous rough fly (ro, eye abnormality)

docker41 [41]

Answer and Explanation:

A homozygous groucho fly ( gro, bristles clumped above the eyes) is crossed with a homozygous rough fly (ro, eye abnormality).

The F1 females are testcrossed, producing these offspring: groucho 518 rough 471 groucho, rough 6 wild-type 5 1000 a) What is the linkage distance between the two genes? B) Plot the genes on a map c) If the genes were unlinked and the F1 females were mated with the F1 males, what would be the offspring in the F2 generation?

1st cross:

Parental) grogro ro+ro+ x gro+gro+ roro

F1) gro+gro ro+ro

2nd cross:

Parental) gro+gro ro+ro x grogro roro

Gametes) gro+ro+ gro ro

gro+ro gro ro

gro ro+ gro ro

gro ro gro ro

Punnet square)

gro+ro+ gro+ro gro ro+ gro ro

gro ro gro+gro ro+ro gro+gro roro grogro ro+ro grogro roro

F2)

0.518 grogro ro+ro (518 individuals)

0.471 gro+gro roro (471 individuals)

0.006 grogro roro (6 individuals)

0.005 gro+gro ro+ro (5 individuals)

Total number of individuals 1000

Note: These frequencies were calculated dividing the number of individuals belonging to each genotype by the total number of individuals in the F2.

To know if two genes are linked, we must observe the progeny distribution. If individuals, whos genes assort independently, are test crossed, they produce a progeny with equal phenotypic frequencies 1:1:1:1. If we observe a different distribution, that is that phenotypes appear in different proportions, we can assume that genes are linked in the double heterozygote parent.

In the exposed example we might verify which are the recombinant gametes produced by the F1 di-hybrid, and we can recognize them by looking at the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny.

By performing this cross we know that the phenotypes with lower frequencies in the progeny are groucho, rough and wild-type. So the recombinant gametes are gro+ro+ and gro ro, while the parental gametes are gro+ro and gro ro+.

So, the genotype, in linked gene format, of the double heterozygote individual in the F1 is gro+ro/gro ro+.

To calculate the recombination frequency we will make use of the next formula: P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals. The genetic distance will result from multiplying that frequency by 100 and expressing it in map units (MU). One centiMorgan (cM) equals one map unit (MU).

The map unit is the distance between the pair of genes for which one of every 100 meiotic products results in a recombinant product.

The recombination frequency is:

P = Recombinant number / Total of individuals

P = 6 + 5 / 1000

P = 11 / 1000

P = 0.011

The genetic distance between genes, is 0.011 x 100= 1.1 MU.

Genetic Linkage Map:

Parental Phenotypes)

-----gro+------ro---- -----gro------ro+----

----- gro ------ro---- ---- gro------ ro ----

Recombinant phenotypes)

-----gro+------ro+---- -----gro------ro----

----- gro ------ ro---- -----gro------ro----

If the genes were unlinked and the F1 females were mated with the F1 males, the offspring in the F2 generation would have been

4/16 = 1/4 gro+gro ro+ro

4/16 = 1/4 gro+gro roro

4/16 = 1/4 grogro ro+ro

4/16 = 1/4 grogro roro

Their phenotypic frequencies would be 1:1:1:1 related.

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3 years ago

Most animals are producers, meaning they are able to create their own food from inorganic sources.

skad [1K]

This is false since plants are mostly producers and animals are mostly consumers. There is however a group of animals that are autotrophs and create their own food, but they are vastly outnumbered by consumers. The ones that produce their own are mostly within the family of funghi or similar things that border on whether they're animals or plants.

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3 years ago

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Describe how a fossil would form through mineral replacement.

Tanya [424]

A fossil would from through mineral replacement by replacing the existing material of the animals bones with minerals, to become petrified. The Minerals will keep the fossil preserved longer.

Have a good day!!

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3 years ago

How a polymer molecule is synthesised by glucose?

Kay [80]

Answer:

As a new covalent connection develops between the two glucose molecules, one loses a H group, the other loses an OH group, and a water molecule is freed.

<h2>Why does glucose form a polymer despite being a stable molecule?</h2>

The formation of glucose polymers (glycogen, starch, cellulose) requires the input of energy from uridine triphosphate (UTP). Any tiny molecules must be converted into bigger molecules, which is compatible with the second rule of thermodynamics. Building proteins from amino acids, nucleic acids from nucleotides, fatty acids and cholesterol from acetyl groups, and so on are examples. Energy is released when bigger molecules are broken down into smaller ones, which is compatible with the second rule of thermodynamics. Thus, glucose may be converted to CO2 and H2O, resulting in the production of ATP. While glucose is a tiny molecule and hence relatively "stable," it can exist at a potential energy level and may be used to build up (needs energy) or broken down (produces energy). All of these biochemical processes require the use of enzymes; otherwise, the activation energy of most reactions would require extremely long periods of time for random energy inputs to push the reactions in either direction, despite the fact that energy considerations favor spontaneous breakdown over synthesis.

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2 years ago