It is first important to understand that not all Republicans rejected a peace settlement with the Confederates during or after the Civil War, but it was a smaller group within the party that totally and completely refused and demanded a full surrender without conditions to the South. This group was called the Radical Republicans and they began around 1854 and went until after the Reconstruction of 1877. They were the ones who were responsible for the establishment of the Fourteenth Ammendment and they radically opposed any negotiations with the South on the basis of their being totally against segregation and slavery. Some other factions within the Republican party, including Lincoln, were more moderate and were willing to give in to some of the demands from the Confederates, especially ont he issue of slaves.
The reason for these radical Republicans not wanting to negotiate with the Southern Confederates, was that they refused to allow slavery to continue. They were pushing for all slaves in the U.S to be freed, for segregation to be prohibited, for rights for black people to be established in the United States and even went as far as pushing for civil rights, including suffrage, for African Americans. But the South, of course, refused these terms. This is why neither Radical Republicans, nor Confederate members would have been able to settle anything in a negotiation. There was no common ground for the toughest issue of all; slavery.
To industrialize so that they could catch up with western powers or stay strong, they had to constantly use natural resources. Once they realized that their own natural resources were not enough, they had to expand imperialistically; that is, acquiring overseas/overland colonies, such as the British in India producing cotton and textiles and the Spanish in Latin America.
As time went on and the abuses of these mother nations went on, those who were ruled over decided to band together as a common ethnic group with the same goal of getting rid of their rulers and unifying their split up groups. This resulted in the unification of people, an independent nation, as well as the removal of foreign powers within that nation.
Examples include the various revolutions throughout the west: the American, French, Haitian, and Latin American revolutions, as well as the revolutions throughout Africa: the revolutions in Algeria, Angola, and Ghana.
However, not all people within a nation were entirely for this idea, resulting in the competing forces of nationalism and sectionalism. For example, during the process of unification in Italy, there were areas of modern Italy that were very different from the other parts of Italy, becoming an obstacle for unification. Specifically, Piedmont, which is Northern Italy today, was industrialized and had a centralized system of governance, while areas in Southern Italy, such as Sicily, were poor and still had an agrarian society.
Emperor - the supreme ruler of an empire
Shogun - a title for a military ruler in Japan
Bakufu- governments that ruled Japan from 1192-1868, also known as Shogunate.
Jito - land stewards appointed by the shogunate during Feudal Japan.
Shugo - a title translated as protector which was given to certain officials in Feudal Japan
Shoen - a field or manor in Feudal Japan
Samurai - a member of the Japanese warrior caste
The Warring States Period - A long period of Civil War from 1467 to 1615 in the Sengoku Period.
Daimyo - wealthy landowners in Feudal Japan.
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The Soviet Union was worried that the US and China would prosper and become more powerful because of each other. Since China was so close to the Soviet Union geographically, they would rather be friends with China and her allies to protect itself and its assets.
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