Answer:
Cellular respiration is the oxidation of food substances coupled with the release of energy (ATP). It occurs in the mitochondria of living cells.
b. 38 ATP in animals. In plants 2 ATP.
Anaerobic respiration is one that that takes place in the absence of oxygen while aerobic respiration is one that requires oxygen to take place.
Answer:
1. Metabolism of autotrophs vs. heterotrophs
- Autotrophs (also known as producers) are the organisms that can produce their own food (e.g. complex organic compounds) through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis and use later on for metabolic purposes. On the other hand, heterotrophs (also known as consumers) are the organisms that cannot produce their own food rather rely on pre-existed energy sources.
- Autotrophs use simple inorganic substances such as CO2 and fix them in the presence of sunlight or other free energy sources (e.g. CO2 + H20 + Sunlight -> Glucose, H20). On the other hand, heterotrophs use complex organic compounds produced by autotrophs, breaks them into simpler inorganic compound and obtain stored energy for metabolic purposes (e.g. Glucose + H20 -> CO2 + H20 + Energy).
2. Role of ATP in metabolism
- <u>Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an energy-carrying molecule</u> or <u>energy currency</u> of the cell because it stores chemical energy produced during cellular respiration. Furthermore, ATP is used to transport chemical energy in many important metabolic processes, for example, fermentation, photosynthesis, glycolysis, protein synthesis, etc.
- ATP consists of a five-carbon sugar (ribose), a nitrogenous base (adenine), and three phosphate groups. These three phosphate groups are attached by two phosphoanhydride bonds. The <u>phosphoanhydride bonds are high-energy bonds</u>. Energy is released when one high-energy bond break and ATP converts to Adenosine diphosphate molecule (ADP). By breaking the second high-energy bond, ADP converts to Adenosine monophosphate molecule (AMP) and more energy release. This process knows as <u>hydrolysis</u><u> because it happens in the presence of water</u>.
3. What is fermentation? What is muscle fatigue? How are these related?
<em>Fermentation: </em>Fermentation is a type of <u>energy extraction process</u> (in parallel to respiration) through which carbohydrates (energy rich molecules) are broken down into alcohol or acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobically) by the action of enzymes.
There are three basic types of fermentation.
- Lactic acid fermentation
- Ethyl alcohol fermentation
- Acetic acid fermentation
<em>Muscle fatigue: </em>In humans and many other aerobic organisms, fermentation occurs during low or no supply of oxygen. Normally, respiration yields energy in these organisms. However, when oxygen supply is limited, body still struggles to generate energy in an alternative path which is defined above as fermentation. The product of this pathway (fermentation) is Lactic Acid in humans and similar animals. Muscle fatigue is the result of this phenomenon where acid accumulates within the muscles and causes fatigue. However, it is important to consider that our bodies are not mainly designed for fermentation thus energy-yielding process via fermentation happens only during forceful exercise.
<em>How fermentation and muscle fatigue are related: </em>When a person is running or exercising, his/her body needs more energy to perform metabolic reactions quickly. However, the uptake of oxygen is limited, which is why lungs respire fast. But, if oxygen is still not enough for the workout to produce sufficient energy, the body will shift to anaerobic respiration (fermentation) during which stored energy in the muscles (glycogen) will be used to yield energy. Nevertheless, this process produces lactic acid produces as an output. Lactic acid continues building around muscles and results in muscle fatigue. This phenomenon is known as a lactic acid fermentation. Therefore, muscle fatigue and Lactic acid fermentation are related to each other.
Answer:
i do believe c would be the third option
Mutations present permanent and heritable changes in the genome. We distinguish gene and chromosome mutations. Mutations in the level of genes are called point mutations because only one to several nucleotides are changed. These processes are known as deletion, insertion, and substitution. Deletion presents a loss of nucleotides which changes DNA sequence. When new nucleotides are embedded in the DNA chain, it is known as insertion. Substitution implies the process where new nucleotides are inserted while the ones that were present in that specific spot in a DNA molecule are deleted.
Mutations can also appear in chromosomes altering their number and structure. There are four types of mutations - deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation. In deletion, a whole or one part of a chromosome is lost. Duplication presents an extra copy of a whole or one part of a chromosome. In an inversion, parts of a chromosome change order, while in translocation a part of one chromosome detaches and then connects to another.
hope this helps
Answer:
They fight against infections and disease.
Explanation: