Answer:
Based on https://thewandererliteraryjournal.wordpress.com/2015/12/11/thoreau-on-nature-in-walden/ it states
"In his writings he suggests that all living things have rights that humans should recognize, implying that we have a responsibility to respect and care for nature rather than destroying it."
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The best and most correct answer among the choices provided by your question is the first choice.
The analogy is about the person and the instrument he/she mainly uses. Therefore, if carpenter is to hammer, then surgeon is to scalpel.
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Patriotism may be strengthened by adherence to a national religion (a civil religion or even a theocracy). ... By 'patriotism' I mean devotion to a particular place and a particular way of life, which one believes to be the best in the world but has no wish to force upon other people.