Answer:
Hinduism arose in the Indian subcontinent and remained there, while Buddhism arose in the Indian subcontinent, lost its ground there, but spread out in other regions.
Explanation:
Hinduism is a religion that is present in modern-day India. It is a religion that formed from the cultural diffusion between the Dravidians and Aryans. These two groups merged, mixed, and shared, and adopted each other's cultural traits, leading to the fromation of Hinduism as a religion that has elements of both cultures. This religion has formed in the Indian subcontinent and has remained on it.
Buddhism is a religion/teaching that emerged in India. It managed to become dominant for a short period of time in India but quickly lost its popularity. Through the trade routes though, Buddhism reached East Asia and Southeast Asia. The people of these two regions found it very appealing and a big portion of them adopted it, thus it became the dominant religion in multiple countries of these regions while it is almost absent in its birthplace.
People would most likely live in the dark green and the light green regions because they are fertile and are along the coast of the Mediterranean, where there is a humid climate, so rain would be common. For example, people would be more likely to live in Lebanon, than say, Iran because Lebanon is more fertile and has more moisture than Iran, which has a mostly semiarid and arid climate.
Answer:
The albedo temperature for Mars and Venus are 210K and 184 K respectively.Mars albedo temperature is closer to its black body temperature such that the Venus has more albedo.Thus there is a chance that Mars would have had life in their history.
Explanation:
The albedo temperature is given as
![Te =\left [\dfrac{L(1-a)}{ (16\pi \sigma D^2}\right]^{1/4}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Te%20%3D%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cdfrac%7BL%281-a%29%7D%7B%20%2816%5Cpi%20%5Csigma%20D%5E2%7D%5Cright%5D%5E%7B1%2F4%7D)
Here
L = Solar luminosity = 3.846*1026 W m-2 K-4
D = distance from Sun
σ = the Stefan-Boltzman constant = 5.6704 * 10-8 W
a is the albedo constant whose value for Mars is 0.250 while for Venus it is 0.900
So the albedo temperature is given as
Venus: 184 K
Mars: 210 K
The black body temperature is given as
![Te =\left [\dfrac{L}{ (16\pi \sigma D^2}\right]^{1/4}](https://tex.z-dn.net/?f=Te%20%3D%5Cleft%20%5B%5Cdfrac%7BL%7D%7B%20%2816%5Cpi%20%5Csigma%20D%5E2%7D%5Cright%5D%5E%7B1%2F4%7D)
By substitution of the values, the black body temperature for Venus and Mars are as
Venus: 327 K
Mars: 225 K
Mars albedo temperature is closer to its black body temperature such that the Venus has more albedo.
Thus there is a chance that Mars would have had life in their history.
Answer:
Coal: 7.4 billion tonnes
Explanation:
The World Coal Association estimates that there are more than one trillion tonnes of coal reserves worldwide, enough to last 150 years at current rates of production, so it is unsurprising to see coal ranked as the most-mined mineral in the world.
While China has consistently led the world in production – the country was responsible for 3.3 billion tonnes in 2016 – this was down 16% from the 3.9 billion tonnes produced in 2012. Chinese coal output slumped below the 3.4 billion tonne-threshold predicted in 2016 and the trend may continue, as renewable energy sources become more widespread.
The Chinese decline has mirrored a trend in worldwide coal production, which fell to 7.4 billion tonnes in 2016 from 8.2 billion in 2012. While coal production has increased in Australia and Russia in the last five years, both South Africa and the US have seen sharp declines in production of anthracite and bituminous coal. American coal production in particular has fallen from over 900 million tonnes in 2012 to 782 million in 2016, the lowest figure since 1979.
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