White people and established African Americans in cites often discriminated against freedmen. We still see racial discrimination even to this day, and it was even more plentiful when African Americans(freedmen) just got their freedom after years of slavery. Hope this helps, and have a nice day :D
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Congress required Southern states to draft new constitutions guaranteeing African-American men the right to vote. The constitutions also had to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, which granted African Americans equal protection under the law.
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Answer:scholar-bureaucrats at the top, because they had the knowledge and wisdom to maintain social order;
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Thee native americans :) PM me for any further questions!