From my previously gained knowledge from my Japanese classes, the answer would be D. Because Japan didn't really that much of a population boom until the 20th century because they whole island was not yet inhabited. They didn't really feel like spreading Buddhism because it didn't become a popular religion until the 20th century, and the US had nothing to do with Japans wanting of more land. They gained land mainly from China, so the long-standing rivalry between China and Japan would be the best answer.
Answer:
Urbanization
Explanation: Millions poured into cities for jobs in factories during the industrial era. This rapid urbanization resulted in overpopulation, crowded tenements, strain on city service, health issues etc.
I believe the answer would be Abraham Lincoln.
The correct answer should be D. an urban unit with clear boundaries and a degree of autonomy
A has to be a town, even though the definitions of the two are almost the same. B is not it because a city can be an industrial center, not a cultural one. C is not it because natural geographic boundaries are not necessary.