These all given examples are part of Thematic maps. The population, globes and battle maps can see in thematic maps because this map is emphasize a special topic and particular theme such as the average distribution of rainfall in a country. This maps also shows us a particular theme that is connected with a specific geographic area.
a) A doctrine allowing new states to decide the issue of slavery for themselves.
It basically gave states the power to choose whether they wanted to be free or slave states.
B Buddhism
Explanation: The ethical principle of not causing harm to other living things
President John Adams if you are needing whom the president was at the time of the french war.
1. (Unknown)
2. Subarctic Cultures
3. Subarctic Cultures
4. Arctic Cultures
Sorry I wasn't able be much help but hope this helps!