Running is being used as a gerund working as a noun
PRO gress,,PRE conceived, PRE cede, POST mortem(?), POST script, PRE amble ... perhaps ?
Direct characterization is when an author clearly states in the text what kind of personality the character has. For example, if the author writes " Cidney was always sad" That would be direct characterization. Indirect characterization would be " Cidney always seemed to be frowing or pouting" which would then lead you to believe she's always sad. Both of those examples pretty much mean the same thing exept one is direct and the other is making you infer.
number one is b) congregation
Answer and Explanation:
Twain avoided "literary offenses" by not mentioning these works throughout the narrative. This was significant because Twain keeps his attention on the narrative itself, specifically stimulating the themes that the narrative addresses.
In this case, instead of provoking criticism to other known works and authors, Twain highlights a narrative with themes that provoke reflections on regional differences and stereotypes, a sense of community and personal integrity.