Answer:
The spectra of Cepheid variables which are found in all galaxies, are blue shifted.
A civilization is a group of similar people that are together for posterity. The establishment of a civiliation was caused by the tribal warfare of the stone age, the people did not want to live under constant fear of death, and thusly grouped together, built up the militarty and eventrall progressed into what we have today
Religion was a major cause of the English Civil War. It was part of a Europe wide conflict between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. At the start of his reign (1625) King Charles I had married the Roman Catholic Henrietta Maria of France.
He was 33years old when the declaration of independence was made.