i think u should ask the doctor because thats like doctor stuff
The Tharsis bulge is probably a plume of molten mantle material that rose to Mars' surface and formed the said bulge, a rounded projection. It is also the biggest bulge with solid surfaces among all the planets known.
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The youthful stage of the river is when water flow is the quickest. Waterfalls, potholes, V-shaped valleys and interlocking spurs are features of the youthful stage, and these features are due to erosion. The flow becomes gentler during the mature stage, and the river widens. Curves are characteristic of the middle stage as well. On the inside of the curves, deposition will take place. On the outside, erosion will take place. Land is the flattest during the old age stage. The river has to work hard to make its way to the sea.</span>
Amount of rainfall
I’m not sure if this is right but I think it is because all of the rest are major parts of ecosystems, and although rainfall is too, it’s more of a natural source that happens anywhere whereas the rest of the options may determine the ecosystem