The answer would be d) phenotype. The phenotype is the physical characteristic while the genotype is the combination of alleles from the parent--basically the part that you can't really see. The color of a flower is prominent, so that would be its phenotype. An organism's phenotype can also include certain behavioral characteristics as well, not just the way it looks! Hope this helped :)
I believe studying the hydrosphere would be most important because we haven't explored a good majority of it yet so we need to explore our waters before we explore space
Ive done this before light colored pepered moths decreased over time because the forest turned to a darker color so in natural selection it turned dark and the made it live longer