Answer:
Explanation:
A) Factors affecting fermentation
Factors which influence the rate of fermentation are as follows-
1) Nutritional requirements-
The media plays a crucial role in the process. Adequate amount of nutrients like C, N , K , P, O2 etc are necessary for the growth and metabolic activity of the microorganisms.
2) Temperature- Optimum temperature is required for the apt growth of the biomass.
3) pH of the fermentation process -Microorganisms grow, multiply and produce active proteins in adequate physio-friendly environment.
4) Mechanical process and Oxygen Transfer- Agitation
The agitation in the reactor allows enough mixing and oxygen transfer which enhances the morphology of the microorganisms.
B) Types of Fermentation
1) Batch type fermentation- The necessary nutrients required are added before inoculation. It is a discontinuous process
2) Fed batch fermentation- Initial medium concentration is low.
3) Continuous fermentation- Fresh media is continuously added to the reactor
4) Solid state fermentation- It is the growth of microorganisms on solid material in the absence of water.
5) Anaerobic fermentation- In the presence of oxygen
6) Aerobic fermentation- in the absence of oxygen
C) Industrial uses of fermentation
Fermentation has multiple uses in various sectors like
1)Agriculture- Plant growth hormones
2)Industrial Fermentation- Enzyme production, antibiotic production, ethanol production etc.
3)Agro-food industry- Food additives
D) Isolation of microorganisms
Isolation is the separation of microorganisms from each other in a mixed culture.
Few techniques employed to isolate the culture are- Streaking, Plating, Dilution, Enriched Procedure and Single cell technique.
E) Components parts of fermentation
There are three parts of a fermentation process namely
-Upstream processes: Primary screening, preparation of pure culture and selection of production strain at lab scale level
-Production processes: Continuous monitoring the production process to maintain best possible conditions for maximum product formation
-Downstream processes:The extraction of the product and its purification and the disposal of effluents produced by the process.
