I think C would be an argument of value because Mansa Musa was one of the richest men in the world, and he was also a Muslim.
No, this is not a public good. Firefighters work for money and save lives for a living. The government already provides this good to the public, by hiring the firefighters. In my opinion, the government should always provide this good, if someone is in the dire help of need and has no way out of fixing it, ex. fire, then who would be able to save them? The public? I wouldn't think so. A public good is defined as a fundraising organization raising money, or doing something for no profit.
If you are talking about the development of political parties, then the issue that led it to them was “the struggle over ratification of the federal Constitution of 1787” (loc.gov).
Federalists, such as Alexander Hamilton, wanted a strong, central government and the Anti-Federalists, like Thomas Jefferson, “advocated states’ rights instead of centralized power”. (Library of Congress)
