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one of the greatest uninterrupted expanses of plain on the Earth’s surface. It sweeps from the Pyrenees Mountains on the French-Spanish border across northern Europe to the Ural Mountains in Russia. In western Europe the plain is comparatively narrow, rarely exceeding 200 miles (320 kilometres) in width, but as it stretches eastward it broadens steadily until it reaches its greatest width in western Russia, where it extends more than 2,000 miles.
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The Roman and Byzantine systems had problems whenever they had a run of several bad or weak Emperors in a row, and the Western Empire had such a run in the fifth century. It could survive the fifth century with better leadership and being able to tax the large landowners.
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James Watt- steam engine with condenser- used much less coal than earlier engines.
Henry Bessemer- Industrial process for steel production- made it cost efficient to produce steel from molten iron on a large scale.
Eli Whitney- Cotton gin- Allowed fibre to be extracted from seed more efficiently.
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The criticisms regarding to the Mercator map projection that Arno Peters did was related to the polar regions which become the spotlight of major international explorations but the map didn't display these regions. Also, despite the map be extremely accurate with respect to size, it couldn't be used for navigation, especially in the oceans.
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