I believe the answer is Art and intellectual activity flourished in europe
Renaissance is regarded by historians as a turning point from the middle ages to the modern society.
During this time period, many people started to manifest their intellectual capacity into science, art, and literature and led to several inventions that were crucial to move the society forward.
Channel Tunnel
or answer c is what you are looking for
Tectonic Forces
Rocks are under stress when they are subjected to a force at depth. When the rocks are exposed at the surface after uplift and erosion, the effects of the stress can be studied. Stressed rocks show varying degrees of strain—the change in the volume and/or shape of the rock because of that stress. For example, a volcanic agglomerate may be compacted and its pyroclastic fragments stretched (strained) in response to a tectonic stress, such as compression.