A dictator is a ruler who came to power forcefully and ruled over a country without consulting the people. In Roman republic, they might have come to power in a crisis because you are forced to follow a dictator you are not given any other opportunity.
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During 14th century a climate change affected most of Europe during the 14 century, with heavy rains, cold temperature and wet weather for many years during summer and spring. The agriculture was affected due this long period of bad weather and all the food started to be limited. The crime and violence increased, everybody was hungry, sick and millions of people dying. This period is called The Great Famine (1315–1317).
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you forgot to add a list in your question
During wwii, for the most part, everyone was united. we were all fighting for one cause. after wwii, america has sealed its fate as a global presence. we took on a leadership role of sorts in the playing field. then, the cold war happened (to sum it up, america and russia were not very happy with each other). when the cold war came about, things like the space race showed up too (first to go to space, first to land on the moon, etc). there were so many goals that each nation was working towards to make itself better, to make itself known, and to make sure they were a force to reckon with. in order to do that, you had to have people that were willing to do that. more people wanted their country to become a superpower, or launch people into space, or have the best weapons. people wanted to be proud of their country. hopefully that helps you :D