Answer:
The different approaches applied to natural resource management include:
-Focus from top to bottom (command and command)
-Community management.
-Adaptive management.
-Principle of precaution.
-Integrated management.
Explanation:
Natural resource management is intrinsically complex. It involves ecological, hydrological cycles, climate, animals, plants and geography, etc. They are all dynamic and interrelated. A change in one of them can have long-term or long-term impacts, some even irreversible. The management of these resources must take into account, in addition to natural systems, the different actors and their interests, their policies, political issues, geographical borders, economic implications and others. It is very difficult to satisfy all aspects at once. This results in conflict situations.
After the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, most countries signed new principles for integrated land, water and forest management . Although the names of the programs vary from country to country, they all express similar objectives.
The different approaches applied to natural resource management include:
-Focus from top to bottom (command and command)
-Community management
-Adaptive management
-Precautionary principle
-Integrated management
Threats to biodiversity include: habitat fragmentation, which further stresses already affected biological resources; forest degradation and deforestation; Invasive species and global warming . As these threats receive increasing attention from ecologists and public opinion, precautionary management of biodiversity becomes an important part of natural resource management. According to Cooney, there are material measures to carry out this precautionary management.
-<u>Cooney argues that policy making relies on "evidence" related to "highly revealing evidence", a ban on special "activities" and "reporting and control requirements"</u>. Before formulating precautionary policies, categorical evidence is needed. When the potential threat of "activities" is considered critical and "irreversible", these "activities" should be prohibited. For example, as explosives and toxins seriously endanger the human and natural environment, South Africa's Live Marine Resources Act completely prohibits fishing with explosives and toxins.
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According to Cooney, there are 4 methods for precautionary management of biodiversity when managing natural resources:
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-"Ecosystem-based management" with "more cautious and risk-averse" management, where "given the uncertainty that prevails over the structure of the ecosystem, its function and specific interactions, precaution forces one ecosystem approach more than another tending to protect only one species.
-"Adaptive management" is "a management approach that expressly takes into account the uncertainty and dynamism of complex systems".
-The "environmental impact assessment" and the exposure indexes reduce the "uncertainties" of the precaution, even if they have deficiencies.
-The "conservationist approaches" that "are most often linked" to the conservation of biodiversity in the management of natural resources.
