I think it’s the metaphase but that’s just what I think
Agianst a concentration gradient so the second one
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Without enough light, a plant cannot photosynthesize very quickly - even if there is plenty of water and carbon dioxide and a suitable temperature. Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis, until some other factor - a limiting factor - becomes in short supply.
Genetic defects can be cause by any chromosome, whether an autosome or a sex chromosome.