air, toxins, trash particles ,and particles in general.
The skin acts as a physical barrier in order to prevent the entry of harmful pathogenic microorganisms capable of causing infections. The skin is one of the most important barriers that form the innate immune system.
The barriers of the innate immune system include:
- Physical Barriers (e.g., skin)
- Defense Mechanisms (e.g., acid pH secretions)
- General Immune Responses.
- The skin acts as a physical barrier to infection which is aided by the presence of BOTH beneficial microbes and bacteriostatic enzymes (Option C).
The innate barriers that protect skin from infection include:
- Acid secretions.
- Bacteriostatic enzymes (i.e., proteinases) that are secreted in the sweat.
- Commensal microorganisms (e.g., bacteria).
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Answer: D
Explanation: For cellular reproduction, you'll need mitosis, since it is the moment in the cell cycle where chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei.
Answer:
All animals in the phylum Chordata share some key features that appear at some stage during their development 1) notochord 2) dorsal hollow nerve cord 3) pharyngeal slits
Explanation:
Phylum chordata is probably the most notable phylum.The most distinguishing character that all animals belonging to this phylum have is the presence of notochord. Phylum Chordata is again divided into three subphyla. They are:
Urochordata
Cephalaochordata
Vertebrata
Chordates show following features, at different stages in their life. They are:
Notochord: It is a longitudinal rod that is made of cartilage and runs between the nerve cord and the digestive tract. Its main function is to support the nerve cord. In Vertebrate animals, the vertebral column replaces the notochord.
Dorsal Nerve Cord : This is a bundle of nerve fibres which connects the brain to the muscles and other organs.
Pharyngeal slits: They are the openings which connect the mouth and the throat. These openings allow the entry of water through the mouth, without entering the digestive system.
Your answer is D. Formation of NADPH
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