The Islamic invasion of Europe was stopped by Charles Martel in the famous Battle of Poitiers also known as Battle of Tours on October 10, 732. This battle was the turning point of 23 years of Muslim imperialist aggression and considered the decisive historical event in the struggle against Islam and the preservation of Europe. Charles was nicknamed "The Hammer" for his glorious defeat of the invaders. Umayyad Caliphate leader Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was slain in the battle and his forces were driven back to the south to over the Pyrenees. Though there where subsequent Muslim invasions and several battles Muslim forces where confined to Iberia (Spain) which the invaders continued to occupy for several centuries. In 1236 with the fall of Córdoba, the Emirate of Granada remained the only Muslim-ruled territory and finally on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the last Muslim occupied territory to Queen <span>Isabella I of Castile.</span>
