They argue the first event toward democratization is the threat of revolution, then creation of civil society organizations, and lastly an active middle class to provide moderation.
When the citizens demand or threaten revolution, the elites must give up some power to maintain overall power. This is step one and is then up to the creation of organizations to enforce the elites come through with their promises. The middle class aids in providing education but also a vehicle for change. They are more moderate and will not allow the system to go to the extremes of the ordinary citizens or working classes.
The simularity between the two industrial revolutions is that they both involved an increase in the degree to which machines were being used to do tasks that had once been done in other ways
