Alfred Wegener hypothesis of continental drift was replaced in 1967 by plate tectonics. Today, the theory of plate tectonics is widely, this theory explains the structure of the earth's crust and many associated phenomena as resulting from interaction of rigid lithospheric plates that move slowly over the underlying mantle.
The answer to that would be A) peaceful coexistence.
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The Industrial Revolution and the Agricultural Revolution (the latter caused the former)
Noah in the biblical sense like Noah’s ark