The people of Athens were allowed citizenship if they possess a helpful craft that is useful to the city.
First of all, the passage mentions street children by saying "children pitching pennies" and "kicks and cuffs are their daily diet". Also, pollution is touched in this passage as it mentions "summer stenches" which are bad smells that come because of urbanization and the drains that have foul smells (hence they mention "sink"). We also see how neighborhood noises and noisy people from all around the area show up in urbanized areas because of cramped spaces. Hence, quarreling is mentioned here as well as instances of profanity.
C. Growth of trade with the Middle East.
Because the Crusaders have ruled the Middle East for awhile, they established connections with some of the people groups there. And even though they lost the war, they still brought back valuable inventions and products (not inventions, like food, etc) that helped europeans in many way
hope this helps
For the first one it would be <span>labor Unions </span>
