Answer: Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, oxidizes cytochrome c and transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron carrier in aerobic cellular respiration. The cytochrome proteins a and a3, in addition to heme and copper groups in complex IV transfer the donated electrons to the bound dioxygen species, converting it into molecules of water. The free energy from the electron transfer causes 4 protons to move into the intermembrane space contributing to the proton gradient. Oxygen reduces via the following reaction:
2 cytochrome c(red) + ½O2 + 4 H+(matrix) -> 2 cytochrome c(ox) + 1 H2O + 2 H+(intermembrane)
Explanation:
In the electron transport chain (ETC), the electrons go through a chain of proteins that increases its reduction potential and causes a release in energy. Most of this energy is dissipated as heat or utilized to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space and create a proton gradient. This gradient increases the acidity in the intermembrane space and creates an electrical difference with a positive charge outside and a negative charge inside. The ETC proteins in a general order are complex I, complex II, coenzyme Q, complex III, cytochrome C, and complex IV.
Answer:
Humans get the energy and matter they need to survive from the food they eat. The foods humans eat contain carbohydrates, vitamins, and protein. All of those components are broken down by the human body with the aid of digestion.
Sharks, like all vertebrates, have bilateral symmetry. This
means they have symmetry across one plane (known as the sagittal
plane, and directly down the centre of their body), which means one
Colonies of cyanobacteria benefit aquatic organisms because they can be an important source of food to organisms.
The problem with cyanobacteria is that they can be harmful and in an alga bloom then can cover the surface cutting off any light to other plants and producing toxins that kill fish and other life forms.
Yes, I agree with statement b/c in meiosis I, specifically in prophase I the homologous chromosomes line and form tetrads in which they exhibit the act of ‘crossing over’ which allows for genetic diversity; This would not occur in mitosis as body cells are produced to repair or for growth so the division of cells must allow for the exact replication of DNA or it is not possible to repair the body or growth if there is genetic variation in each cell. Also, in Meiosis I, specifically when metaphase I occurs, it is impossible to predict how the homologous chromosomes will be split, therefore creating even more diversity of genes known as Independent assortment. None of these processes occur in meiosis II, as the exchange of DNA and act of genetic diversity has already occurred in Meiosis I, therefore Meiosis II simply has to go throwing regular cell division making it more similar to mitosis than Meiosis I; Independent assortment and crossing over are the processes that set Meiosis I to differ from the others.
(Go into more depth about how body cells have to be completely identical whereas gametes have to have genetic diversity)
