Answer:
b. crystallization above ground and crystallization below ground
Explanation:
The magma undergoes transition when it moves from the mantle layer toward the lithosphere. The reason for this is that the pressure and temperature drastically change. With other words, the magma starts to cool off as it comes toward the surface of the Earth. As the magma cools off it starts to crystallize, resulting in the formation of igneous rocks. When the magma comes out on the surface, known as lava in those cases, it cools of very quickly because the temperature and pressure are much lower. Because the cooling off occurs very quickly, the magma crystallizes quickly, so the crystals are small, and it forms extrusive igneous rocks. When the magma cools off underground, but still relatively close to the surface, the temperature and pressure are slightly bigger than those on the surface. Because of this, the magma cools off slower, thus it crystallizes slower. This results in the formation of larger crystals, and intrusive igneous rocks.
The young regions of the Arabian peninsula have acquired protection from outsiders like the Ottoman Empire to defend the British rulers. Soon after the development of Islam took place in such regions generated culture of peninsula. Below number of aspects are given which discuss about the affect on population pattern on Arabian peninsula:
<u>Independence: </u>
Kuwait earned independence during mid 1900s while UAE signed treaty with Britain in 1971 and acquired freedom. The UAE was comprised of tribal population "sheikhdoms" and ruled by Islamic religious leaders, while Kuwait and Oman are constitutional emirates headed by emirs or prince.
<u>Living Standard and Culture:</u>
The living standard for urbanized nation in peninsula is based on oil production, manufacturing and trade. The Arab culture initiated to have foreign workers to cater need of growing industries. Number of people follow monarchial life style and simple too.
<u>Religion and Language:</u>
Most states have "Sunni & Shia Muslims" which are dominant sects of Islam and follow to visit hajj or pilgrimage i.e Makkah, atleast once by an individual in his or her lifetime. Some other categorization also seen in the form of Islam like Oman practice "Ibadhism" as considered to practice moderate conservatism. The language is basically Arabic only, but some other seen are English, South-Asian and Afro-Asian languages.
3
Green manure.
Farmyard manure.
Compost manure.
Shang Cities
During the Shang Dynasty, there were several large settlements, including Zhengzhou and Anyang, though these are not believed to be as densely urban as Mesopotamian settlements during the same time. Anyang became the capitol around 1300 B.C. under King Pan Geng and at the time was called Yin.
