<u>March on Washington (for Jobs and Freedom):</u>
- Organized by Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin
- They built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations.
- Credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- "I Have a Dream" speech by Martin Luther King Jr.
<u>Black Panther Party:</u>
- Founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton
- The black power organization was inspired by Malcolm X.
- Ten-Point Program
- Free Breakfast for Children Program
- Intercommunal Youth Institute
- <em>The Black Panther </em>newspaper
<u>National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): </u>
- <em>The Crisis</em>
- Rosa Parks had served as a chapter's secretary
- NAACP v. Alabama
- Legal Defense Fund (1939)
- Founded by W.E.B. DuBois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells
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<u>Civil Disobedience</u>:
- non-violent protest; refusal to abide to certain laws
- Boycotts
- Draft-dodging
- Sit-ins
- <em>Resistance to Civil Government</em>
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<u>AIM (American Indian Movement):</u>
- an organizaiton that was a part of the <u>Red Power Movement</u>
- The movement advocates for civil rights of Native Americans.
- Occupation of Alcatraz
- Occupation of D-Q University
- Trail of Broken Treaties
- Wounded Knee
- Dennis Banks, Clyde and Vernon Bellecourt were notably figures of the movement
<u>Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):</u>
- the goal was to form an organization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct action as a method of desegregating bus systems across the South
- Albany movement
- Grenada Freedom movement
- Chicago Freedom movement
- Martin Luther King Jr. was the first President
<u>Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC):</u>
- established to give younger Black people more of a voice in the movement
- Student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters
- Freedom Rides
- Freedom Ballot
<u>Affirmative Action:</u><u> </u>
- seeking to increase the representation of particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality
- Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
- Hopwood v. Texas
- Grutter v. Bollinger
- Gratz v. Bollinger
<u>Little Rock 9:</u>
- a group of nine African American students enrolled in an all-white school in Arkansas
- Little Rock Crisis
- Cooper v. Aaron
- Eisenhower sent the national guard to escort the students into the school
<u>Freedom Riders:</u>
- intended to test an earlier Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel
- Mob violence in Anniston, Montogomery, and Birmingham, Alabama
<u>Freedom Summer Project (Mississippi Summer Project):</u>
- attempted to register as many African American voters as possible
- Freedom Vote
- Freedom Schools
<u>Civil Rights Act of 1964:</u>
- banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, (and later) sexual orientation and gender identity
- Americans with Disablitites Act of 1990
- Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
<u>Voting Rights Act of 1965:</u>
- secured the right to vote for racial minorities throughout the country
- Shelby County v. Holder
- South Carolina v. Katzenbach
- The law immediately decreased racial discrimination in voting
- Suspension of literacy tests
- More than half of the African American population were registered in 1967
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To liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841.
Answer: one of the legal strategies that Euro-American enslavers devised to control the time, energy, and mobility of enslaved people of African descent ... The black codes had their roots in the slave codes that had
