Here the absolute uncertainty is not given, so assume the last reported digit can vary by 1. That means the absolute uncertainty is 0.1 × 10^4 cm.
Now, when you perform math operations on the measurements, you have to adjust the absolute uncertainty of the final result. In particular:
1. If you multiply the measurement by some number "n" (which has zero uncertainty), then you must also multiply the uncertainty by "n".
2. If you square the measurement, then you must multiply the uncertainty by 2M (where "M" is the amount of the measurement)
3. And lastly, if you cube the measurement, you must multiply the uncertainty by 3M²So, if the measured radius is "R" (1.8x10^4 cm); and the uncertainty is "Δ" (0.1 × 10^4 cm), then the area is:
Area = πR² +/- π(2R)Δ
(Notice I multiplied the Δ by π (according to Rule 1 above) and then by (2R) (according to Rule 2) above.)
Relative uncertainty = absolute uncertainty / measured value, so:
Relative uncertainty in area = π(2R)Δ / (πR²)
= 2Δ/R
= 0.2 × 10^4 cm / (1.8 times; 10^4 cm)
(which is about 11%)
Explanation:
Overall, the indian government wanted to back up agricultural exports with infrastructure, institutional support, packaging, freight transport and providing market access to the international production system to transform the agricultural economy.
<span>The one thing that leaders of Saudi Arabia have not done with their oil revenues is to ensure good political structures to back up stability in Saudi Arabia.
from wikianswers.com</span>
Hope this helps
Emergent Layer
The top layer of the rainforest is the emergent layer. Here, trees as tall as 60 meters (200 feet) dominate the skyline. Foliage is often sparse on tree trunks but spreads wide as the trees reach the sunny upper layer, where they photosynthesize the sun’s rays. Small, waxy leaves help trees in the emergent layer retain water during long droughts or dry seasons. Lightweight seeds are carried away from the parent plant by strong winds.
Canopy Layer
Beneath the emergent layer is the canopy, a deep layer of vegetation roughly 6 meters (20 feet) thick. The canopy’s dense network of leaves and branches forms a roof over the two remaining layers. The canopy blocks winds, rainfall, and sunlight creating a humid, still, and dark environment below. Trees have adapted to this damp environment by producing glossy leaves with pointed tips that repel water.
Understory Layer
Located several meters below the canopy, the understory is an even darker, stiller, and more humid environment. Plants here, such as palms and philodendrons, are much shorter and have larger leaves than plants that dominate the canopy. Understory plants’ large leaves catch the minimal sunlight reaching beyond the dense canopy. Understory plants often produce flowers that are large and easy to see, such as Heliconia, native to the Americas and the South Pacific. Others have a strong smell, such as orchids. These features attract pollinators even in the understory’s low-light conditions.
Forest Floor Layer
The forest floor is the darkest of all rainforest layers, making it extremely difficult for plants to grow. Leaves that fall to the forest floor decay quickly. Decomposers, such as termites, slugs, scorpions, worms, and fungi, thrive on the forest floor. The organic matter falls from trees and plants, and these organisms break down the decaying material into nutrients. The shallow roots of rainforest trees absorb these nutrients, and dozens of predators consume the decomposers!