The answer is D. English iron makers developed ways to shape iron into tools and parts of machines.
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
1. Neolithic age often referred to as the Stone age existed between 10,000 BC to 3,000 BC
2. Farming begins in Southwest Asia around 8,000 BC
3. River Valley civilization started in Mesopotamia around 4,000 BC
4. Bronze age existed between 3,000 BC to 1,200 BC
Four characteristics shared by early river valley civilizations are:
1. Hereditary rulers
2. Organized political states
3. Irrigation
4. Polytheism
As part of the "Great Coastal Migration," the progenitors of the first Australians were among the first modern people to depart from Africa. Debatable, but generally speaking, the Great Coastal Migration left between 50 and 60,000 years ago. As the name suggests, this migration made its way from Africa via Arabia to India and Southeast Asia along the shore of the Indian Ocean. Sea levels were substantially lower back then. The huge islands off the coast of western Indonesia were really a massive peninsula known as Sunda. Australia, Tasmania, and Papua were all part of a one continuous landmass known as Sahul (in both cases "Sunda" and "Sahul" are modern names for these ancient landmasses, rather than ancient names that have lingered). However, water levels never decreased to the point that they could immediately connect the smaller Indonesian islands of Sunda and Sahul. (Check attachment for a map - for reference).
The Great Coastal Migration had to island hop their way through these little islands to reach Australia when they reached the eastern tip of Sunda. For this portion of the migration, boats or rafts were required, and they could have been required sooner if the Great Coast Migrants had departed Africa by the Horn rather than the Suez. However, we haven't yet discovered concrete proof of the type of watercraft that may have been created at the period. The oldest trustworthy indication of the existence of humans is found between 45 and 50,000 years ago in both Papua and mainland Australia. Historically speaking there's a wide diversity of small watercraft used by indigenous Australians (Check out the second attachment for another map reference); but 45-50,000 years ago is far to remote a time for this historical data to really be useful in telling us what sort of boats or rafts the first Australians used to make the final leg of their journey into Australia.
Answer:
D I think
Explanation:
Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism when livestock are herded in order to find fresh pastures on which to graze. Strictly speaking, true nomads follow an irregular pattern of movement, in contrast with transhumance where seasonal pastures are fixed.[1]However this distinction is often not observed and the term nomad used for both—in historical cases the regularity of movements is often unknown in any case. The herded livestock include cattle, yaks, sheep, goats, reindeer, horses, donkeys or camels, or mixtures of species. Nomadic pastoralism is commonly practised in regions with little arable land, typically in the developing world, especially in the steppe lands north of the agricultural zone of Eurasia.[2] Of the estimated 30–40 million nomadic pastoralists worldwide, most are found in central Asia and the Sahel region of West Africa. Increasing numbers of stock may lead to overgrazing of the area and desertification if lands are not allowed to fully recover between one grazing period and the next. Increased enclosure and fencing of land has reduced the amount of land available for this practice.